REFERENCES: ASTAXANTHIN FOR EVERYONE

1. Ambati RR, Phang SM, Ravi S, Aswathanarayana RG (2014) Astaxanthin: sources, extraction, stability, biological activities and its commercial applications--a review. Mar Drugs 12(1):128-152.

2. Dose J, Matsugo S, Yokokawa H, Koshida Y, Okazaki S, Seidel U, Eggersdorfer M, Rimbach G, Esatbeyoglu T (2016) Free Radical Scavenging and Cellular Antioxidant Properties of Astaxanthin. Int J Mol Sci 17(1). pii: E103.

3. Karppi J, Rissanen TH, Nyyssönen K, Kaikkonen J, Olsson AG, Voutilainen S, Salonen JT (2007) Effects of astaxanthin supplementation on lipid peroxidation. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 77(1):3-11. 

4. Nakagawa K, Kiko T, Miyazawa T, Carpentero Burdeos G, Kimura F, Satoh A, Miyazawa T. (2011) Antioxidant effect of astaxanthin on phospholipid peroxidation in human erythrocytes. Br J Nutr 105(11):1563-1571.

5. Kim JH, Chang MJ, Choi HD, Youn YK, Kim JT, Oh JM, Shin WG (2011) Protective effects of Haematococcus astaxanthin on oxidative stress in healthy smokers. J Med Food 14(11):1469-1475.  

6. Choi HD, Kim JH, Chang MJ, Kyu-Youn Y, Shin WG (2011) Effects of astaxanthin on oxidative stress in overweight and obese adults. Phytother Res 25(12):1813-1818. 

7. Chalyk NE, Klochkov VA, Bandaletova TY, Kyle NH, Petyaev IM (2017) Continuous astaxanthin intake reduces oxidative stress and reverses age-related morphological changes of residual skin surface components in middle-aged volunteers. Nutr Res 48:40-48. 

8. Petyaev IM, Klochkov VA, Chalyk NE, Pristensky DV, Chernyshova MP, Kyle NH, Bashmakov YK. (2018) Markers of Hypoxia and Oxidative Stress in Aging Volunteers Ingesting Lycosomal Formulation of Dark Chocolate Containing Astaxanthin. J Nutr Health Aging. 2018;22(9):1092-1098.

9. Rao AR, Sarada R, Shylaja MD, Ravishankar GA (2015) Evaluation of hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of astaxanthin and astaxanthin esters from microalga-Haematococcus pluvialis.  J Food Sci Technol 52(10):6703-6710.  

1. Lockwood SF, Penn MS, Hazen SL, Bikádi Z, Zsila F (2006) The effects of oral Cardax (disodium disuccinate astaxanthin) on multiple independent oxidative stress markers in a mouse peritoneal inflammation model: influence on 5-lipoxygenase in vitro and in vivo. Life Sci 79(2):162-174. 

2. Andersen LP, Holck S, Kupcinskas L, Kiudelis G, Jonaitis L, Janciauskas D, Permin H, Wadström T (2007) Gastric inflammatory markers and interleukins in patients with functional dyspepsia treated with astaxanthin. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 50(2):244-248. 

3. Yasui Y, Hosokawa M, Mikami N, Miyashita K, Tanaka T (2011) Dietary astaxanthin inhibits colitis and colitis-associated colon carcinogenesis in mice via modulation of the inflammatory cytokines. Chem Biol Interact 193(1):79-87. 

4. Shen M, Chen K, Lu J, Cheng P, Xu L, Dai W, Wang F, He L, Zhang Y, Chengfen W, Li J, Yang J, Zhu R, Zhang H, Zheng Y, Zhou Y, Guo C (2014)  Protective effect of astaxanthin on liver fibrosis through modulation of TGF-β1 expression and autophagy. Mediators Inflamm 2014:954502. 

5. Xuan RR, Niu TT, Chen HM (2016) Astaxanthin blocks preeclampsia progression by suppressing oxidative stress and inflammation.  Mol Med Rep 14(3):2697-2704. 

6. Balietti M, Giannubilo SR, Giorgetti B, Solazzi M, Turi A, Casoli T, Ciavattini A, Fattorettia P (2016) The effect of astaxanthin on the aging rat brain: gender-related differences in modulating inflammation. J Sci Food Agric 96(2):615-618. 

7. Rundblad A, Holven KB, Bruheim I, Myhrstad MC, Ulven SM (2018) Effects of fish and krill oil on gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and circulating markers of inflammation: a randomised controlled trial. J Nutr Sci. 2018 Mar 21;7:e10.

8. Liu H, Liu H, Zhu L, Zhang Z, Zheng X, Liu J, Fu X (2019) Comparative Transcriptome Analyses Provide Potential Insights into the Molecular Mechanisms of Astaxanthin in the Protection against Alcoholic Liver Disease in Mice. Mar Drugs 17(3). pii: E181.

9. Cai X, Chen Y, Xie X, Yao D, Ding C, Chen M (2019)  Astaxanthin prevents against lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury and sepsis via inhibiting activation of MAPK/NF-κB.  Am J Transl Res 11(3):1884-1894. 

10. Han JH, Lee YS, Im JH, Ham YW, Lee HP, Han SB, Hong JT (2019)  Astaxanthin Ameliorates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Neuroinflammation, Oxidative Stress and Memory Dysfunction through Inactivation of the Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 Pathway. Mar Drugs 17(2). pii: E123.  

1. Wann AK, Mistry J, Blain EJ, Michael-Titus AT, Knight MM (2010) Eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid reduce interleukin-1β-mediated cartilage degradation. Arthritis Res Ther 12: R207–R215.

2. John AM, Rudi EM, W. Stephen H, Swati ST, Lingan R (2013) Composition and method to alleviate joint pain using algae-based oils. U.S. Patent US 13/914,725. October 31.

3. Chen WP, Xiong Y, Shi YX, Hu PF, Bao JP, Wu LD (2014)  Astaxanthin reduces matrix metalloproteinase expression in human chondrocytes. Int Immunopharmacol 19(1):174-177. 

4. Huang LJ, Chen WP (2015) Astaxanthin ameliorates cartilage damage in experimental osteoarthritis.  Mod Rheumatol 25(5):768-771. 

5. Park DR, Ko R, Kwon SH, Min B, Yun SH, Kim MH, Minatelli J, Hill S, Lee SY (2016)  FlexPro MD, a Mixture of Krill Oil, Astaxanthin, and Hyaluronic Acid, Suppresses Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Cytokine Production Through Inhibition of NF-κB. J Med Food 19(12):1196-1203. 

6. Balci Yuce H, Lektemur Alpan A, Gevrek F, Toker H (2018) Investigation of the effect of astaxanthin on alveolar bone loss in experimental periodontitis. J Periodontal Res 53(1):131-138. 

7. Hwang YH, Kim KJ, Kim SJ, Mun SK, Hong SG, Son YJ, Yee ST (2018) Suppression Effect of Astaxanthin on Osteoclast Formation In Vitro and Bone Loss In Vivo.  Int J Mol Sci 19(3). pii: E912. 

8. Astaxanthin Effects on Osteoarthritis Associated Pain and Inflammatory Indicators (AXE OA PAIN) (Dec. 2019) https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT0366446. 

 1. Jyonouchi H, Sun S, Tomita Y, Gross MD (1995)  Astaxanthin, a carotenoid   without vitamin A activity, augments antibody responses in cultures including   T-helper cell clones and suboptimal doses of antigen.  J Nutr 125(10):2483-2492. 

2. Bennedsen M, Wang X, Willén R, Wadström T, Andersen LP (1999)  Treatment   of H. pylori infected mice with antioxidant astaxanthin reduces gastric   inflammation, bacterial load and modulates cytokine release by splenocytes.  Immunol Lett 70(3):185-189. 

3. Chew BP, Wong MW, Park JS, Wong TS (1999)  Dietary beta-carotene and   astaxanthin but not canthaxanthin stimulate splenocyte function in mice.  Anticancer Res 19(6B):5223-5227. 

4. Park JS, Chyun JH, Kim YK, Line LL, Chew BP (2010)  Astaxanthin   decreased oxidative stress and inflammation and enhanced immune response in   humans.  Nutr Metab (Lond) 7:18. 

5. Otton R, Marin DP, Bolin AP, Santos Rde C, Polotow TG, Sampaio SC, de Barros MP (2010) Astaxanthin ameliorates the redox imbalance in lymphocytes   of experimental diabetic rats.  Chem Biol Interact 186(3):306-315. 

6. Chew BP, Mathison BD, Hayek MG, Massimino S, Reinhart GA, Park JS (2011)  Dietary astaxanthin enhances immune response in dogs. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 140(3-4):199-206.  

7. Otton R, Marin DP, Bolin AP, de Cássia Santos Macedo R, Campoio TR, Fineto C Jr, Guerra BA, Leite JR, Barros MP, Mattei R (2012)  Combined fish   oil and astaxanthin supplementation modulates rat lymphocyte function. Eur J Nutr 51(6):707-718. 

8. Bolin AP, Guerra BA, Nascimento SJ, Otton R (2012)  Changes in   lymphocyte oxidant/antioxidant parameters after carbonyl and antioxidant   exposure. Int Immunopharmacol 14(4):690-697. 

9. Lin KH, Lin KC, Lu WJ, Thomas PA, Jayakumar T, Sheu JR (2015) Astaxanthin, a Carotenoid, Stimulates Immune Responses by Enhancing IFN-γ and IL-2 Secretion in Primary Cultured Lymphocytes in   Vitro and ex Vivo.  Int J Mol Sci 17(1). pii: E44.

10. Hwang YH, Hong SG, Mun SK, Kim SJ, Lee SJ, Kim JJ, Kang KY, Yee ST (2017)  The Protective Effects of   Astaxanthin on the OVA-Induced Asthma Mice Model.  Molecules 22(11). pii: E2019. 

11. Davinelli S, Melvang HM, Andersen LP, Scapagnini G, Nielsen ME (2019) Astaxanthin from Shrimp Cephalothorax Stimulates the Immune Response   by Enhancing IFN-γ, IL-10, and IL-2 Secretion in Splenocytes of Helicobacter Pylori-Infected   Mice. Mar Drugs 17(7). pii: E382. 

Ask us!

1. Shen H, Kuo CC, Chou J, Delvolve A, Jackson SN, Post J, Woods AS, Hoffer BJ, Wang Y, Harvey BK (2009) Astaxanthin reduces ischemic brain injury   in adult rats. FASEB J 23(6):1958-1968. 

2. Lu YP, Liu SY, Sun H, Wu XM, Li JJ, Zhu L (2010) Neuroprotective effect   of astaxanthin on H(2)O(2)-induced neurotoxicity in vitro and on focal   cerebral ischemia in vivo. Brain Res 1360:40-48. 

3. Wu W, Wang X, Xiang Q, Meng X, Peng Y, Du N, Liu Z, Sun Q, Wang C, Liu X (2014a) Astaxanthin alleviates brain aging in rats by attenuating oxidative   stress and increasing BDNF levels. Food Funct 5(1):158-166. 

4. Wu Q, Zhang XS, Wang HD, Zhang X, Yu Q, Li W, Zhou ML, Wang XL (2014b)   Astaxanthin activates nuclear factor erythroid-related factor 2 and the   antioxidant responsive element (Nrf2-ARE) pathway in the brain after   subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats and attenuates early brain injury. Mar Drugs 12(12):6125-6141. 

5. Ito N, Saito H, Seki S, Ueda F, Asada T (2018) Effects of Composite   Supplement Containing Astaxanthin and Sesamin on Cognitive Functions in   People with Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Randomized, Double-Blind,   Placebo-Controlled Trial. J Alzheimers Dis 62(4):1767-1775. 

6. Che H, Li Q, Zhang T, Wang D, Yang L, Xu J, Yanagita T, Xue C, Chang Y, Wang Y (2018) Effects of Astaxanthin and   Docosahexaenoic-Acid-Acylated Astaxanthin on Alzheimer's Disease in APP/PS1   Double-Transgenic Mice. J Agric Food Chem. 2018 May 16;66(19):4948-4957. 

7. Han JH, Lee YS, Im JH, Ham YW, Lee HP, Han SB, Hong JT (2019) Astaxanthin Ameliorates   Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Neuroinflammation, Oxidative Stress and Memory   Dysfunction through Inactivation of the Signal Transducer and Activator of   Transcription 3 Pathway. Mar Drugs 17(2). pii: E123. 

8. Taksima T, Chonpathompikunlert P, Sroyraya M, Hutamekalin P,   Limpawattana M, Klaypradit W (2019) Effects of Astaxanthin from   Shrimp Shell on Oxidative Stress and Behavior in Animal Model of Alzheimer's   Disease. Mar Drugs. 2019 Nov   4;17(11). pii: E628.

1. Izumi-Nagai K, Nagai N, Ohgami K, Satofuka S, Ozawa Y, Tsubota K, Ohno S, Oike Y, Ishida S (2008) Inhibition of choroidal neovascularization with an anti-inflammatory   carotenoid astaxanthin. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 49(4):1679-1685. 

2. Nakajima Y, Inokuchi Y, Shimazawa M, Otsubo K, Ishibashi T, Hara H (2008) Astaxanthin, a dietary   carotenoid, protects retinal cells against oxidative stress in-vitro and in   mice in-vivo.  J Pharm Pharmacol 60(10):1365-1374.  

3. Cort A, Ozturk N, Akpinar D, Unal M, Yucel G, Ciftcioglu A, Yargicoglu P, Aslan M (2010) Suppressive   effect of astaxanthin on retinal injury induced by elevated intraocular   pressure. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 58(1):121-130. 

4. Lennikov A, Kitaichi N, Fukase R, Murata M, Noda K, Ando R, Ohguchi T, Kawakita T, Ohno S, Ishida S (2012)  Amelioration of ultraviolet-induced photokeratitis in mice treated   with astaxanthin eye drops. Mol Vis 18:455-464. 

5. Piermarocchi S, Saviano S, Parisi V, Tedeschi M, Panozzo G, Scarpa G, Boschi G, Lo Giudice G; Carmis Study Group (2012) Carotenoids in Age-related Maculopathy Italian Study   (CARMIS): two-year results of a randomized study. Eur J Ophthalmol 22(2):216-225. 

6. Saito M, Yoshida K, Saito W, Fujiya A, Ohgami K, Kitaichi N, Tsukahara H, Ishida S, Ohno S (2012) Astaxanthin increases choroidal blood flow velocity. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 250(2):239-245. 

7. Dong LY, Jin J, Lu G, Kang XL (2013) Astaxanthin attenuates the apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells in   db/db mice by inhibition of oxidative stress.  Mar Drugs 11(3):960-974. 

8. Otsuka T, Shimazawa M, Nakanishi T, Ohno Y, Inoue Y, Tsuruma K, Ishibashi T, Hara H (2013) Protective effects of a dietary carotenoid, astaxanthin, against   light-induced retinal damage. J Pharmacol Sci 123(3):209-218. 

9. Hashimoto H, Arai K, Hayashi S, Okamoto H, Takahashi J, Chikuda M (2016) The effects of astaxanthin on   vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels and peroxidation reactions   in the aqueous humor. J Clin Biochem Nutr 59(1):10-15. 

10. Yeh PT, Huang HW, Yang CM, Yang WS, Yang CH (2016) Astaxanthin Inhibits Expression of Retinal Oxidative   Stress and Inflammatory Mediators in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats. PLoS One 11(1):e0146438. 

11. Otsuka T, Shimazawa M, Inoue Y, Nakano Y, Ojino K, Izawa H, Tsuruma K, Ishibashi T, Hara H (2016) Astaxanthin Protects Against Retinal Damage: Evidence from In Vivo and In   Vitro Retinal Ischemia and Reperfusion Models. Curr Eye Res. 2016 Nov;41(11):1465-1472. 

12. Findik H, Tumkaya L, Yilmaz A, Gökhan Aslan M, Okutucu M, Akyildiz K, Mercantepe T (2019) The protective   effects of astaxanthin against cisplatin-induced retinal toxicity. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 38(1):59-65. 

13. Hashimoto H, Arai K, Takahashi J, Chikuda M (2019) Effects of astaxanthin on VEGF level and   antioxidation in human aqueous humor: difference by sex. J Clin Biochem Nutr 65(1):47-51. 

1. Suganuma K, Nakajima H, Ohtsuki M, Imokawa G (2010) Astaxanthin attenuates the UVA-induced up-regulation of   matrix-metalloproteinase-1 and skin fibroblast elastase in human dermal   fibroblasts. J Dermatol Sci 58(2):136-142. 

2. Tominaga K, Hongo N, Karato M, Yamashita E (2012) Cosmetic benefits of astaxanthin on humans subjects.  Acta Biochim Pol. 2012;59(1):43-47. 

3. Yoon HS, Cho HH, Cho S, Lee SR, Shin MH, Chung JH (2014) Supplementation with dietary astaxanthin combined with collagen   hydrolysate improves facial elasticity and decreases matrix   metalloproteinase-1 and -12 expression: a comparative study with placebo.  J Med Food 17(7):810-816. 

4. Phetcharat L, Wongsuphasawat K, Winther K (2015) The effectiveness of a standardized rose hip powder, containing seeds and   shells of Rosa canina, on cell longevity, skin wrinkles, moisture, and   elasticity. Clin Interv Aging 10:1849-1856. 

5. Kim H, Ahn YT, Lee GS, Cho SI, Kim JM, Lee C, Lim BK, Ju SA, An WG (2015) Effects of astaxanthin on   dinitrofluorobenzene-induced contact dermatitis in mice. Mol Med Rep 12(3):3632-3638. 

6. Chou HY, Lee C, Pan JL, Wen ZH, Huang SH, Lan CW, Liu WT, Hour TC, Hseu YC, Hwang BH, Cheng KC, Wang HM (2016) Enriched   Astaxanthin Extract from Haematococcus pluvialis Augments Growth Factor Secretions   to Increase Cell Proliferation and Induces MMP1 Degradation to Enhance   Collagen Production in Human Dermal Fibroblasts. Int J Mol Sci 17(6). pii: E955.  

7. Nakajima H, Terazawa S, Niwano T, Yamamoto Y, Imokawa G (2016) The Inhibitory Effects of Anti-Oxidants on   Ultraviolet-Induced Up-Regulation of the Wrinkling-Inducing Enzyme Neutral   Endopeptidase in Human Fibroblasts. PLoS One 11(9):e0161580. 

8. Chalyk NE, Klochkov VA, Bandaletova TY, Kyle NH, Petyaev IM (2017) Continuous astaxanthin intake reduces oxidative stress and   reverses age-related morphological changes of residual skin surface components   in middle-aged volunteers. Nutr Res 48:40-48. 

9. Ito N, Seki S, Ueda F (2018) The Protective Role of   Astaxanthin for UV-Induced Skin Deterioration in Healthy People-A Randomized,   Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Nutrients 10(7). pii: E817. 

10. Shanmugapriya K, Kim H, Saravana PS, Chun BS, Kang HW (2018) Astaxanthin-alpha tocopherol   nanoemulsion formulation by emulsification methods: Investigation on   anticancer, wound healing, and antibacterial effects.  Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 172:170-179. 

11. Veeruraj A, Liu L, Zheng J, Wu J, Arumugam M (2019) Evaluation of astaxanthin incorporated collagen film   developed from the outer skin waste of squid Doryteuthis singhalensis for   wound healing and tissue regenerative applications. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl 95:29-42.  

1. Aoi W, Naito Y, Sakuma K, Kuchide M, Tokuda H, Maoka T, Toyokuni S, Oka S, Yasuhara M, Yoshikawa T (2003) Astaxanthin limits   exercise-induced skeletal and cardiac muscle damage in mice. Antioxid Redox Signal 5(1):139-144. 

2. Ikeuchi M, Koyama T, Takahashi J, Yazawa K (2006) Effects of astaxanthin supplementation on exercise-induced fatigue in mice. Biol Pharm Bull 29(10):2106-2110. 

3. Aoi W, Naito Y, Takanami Y, Ishii T, Kawai Y, Akagiri S, Kato Y, Osawa T, Yoshikawa T (2008) Astaxanthin improves muscle   lipid metabolism in exercise via inhibitory effect of oxidative CPT I   modification. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 366(4):892-897. 

4. Djordjevic B, Baralic I, Kotur-Stevuljevic J, Stefanovic A, Ivanisevic J, Radivojevic N, Andjelkovic M, Dikic N (2012) Effect of astaxanthin supplementation on muscle damage and oxidative stress   markers in elite young soccer players. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 52(4):382-392. 

5. Liu PH, Aoi W, Takami M, Terajima H, Tanimura Y, Naito Y, Itoh Y, Yoshikawa T (2014) The astaxanthin-induced improvement in   lipid metabolism during exercise is mediated by a PGC-1α increase in skeletal muscle. J Clin Biochem Nutr 54(2):86-89.   

6. Polotow TG, Vardaris CV, Mihaliuc AR, Gonçalves MS, Pereira B, Ganini D, Barros MP (2014) Astaxanthin supplementation delays physical   exhaustion and prevents redox imbalances in plasma and soleus muscles of   Wistar rats. Nutrients 6(12):5819-5838. 

7. Kanazashi M, Tanaka M, Murakami S, Kondo H, Nagatomo F, Ishihara A, Roy RR, Fujino H (2014) Amelioration of capillary   regression and atrophy of the soleus muscle in hindlimb-unloaded rats by   astaxanthin supplementation and intermittent loading. Exp Physiol 99(8):1065-1077. 

8. Baralic I, Andjelkovic M, Djordjevic B, Dikic N, Radivojevic N, Suzin-Zivkovic V, Radojevic-Skodric S, Pejic S (2015) Effect   of Astaxanthin Supplementation on Salivary IgA, Oxidative Stress, and   Inflammation in Young Soccer Players. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2015:783761. 

9. Shibaguchi T, Yamaguchi Y, Miyaji N, Yoshihara T, Naito H, Goto K, Ohmori D, Yoshioka T, Sugiura T (2016) Astaxanthin intake attenuates muscle atrophy caused by   immobilization in rats. Physiol Rep 4(15). pii: e12885. 

10. Sidorova YS, Sarkisyan VА, Petrov NA, Kochetkova AA, Mazo VK (2017) Experimental Evaluation of the Efficiency of Lipid Module Enriched   with Docosahexaenoic Acid and Astaxantin. Bull Exp Biol Med 163(5):691-694. 

11. Maezawa T, Tanaka M, Kanazashi M, Maeshige N, Kondo H, Ishihara A, Fujino H (2017) Astaxanthin   supplementation attenuates immobilization-induced skeletal muscle fibrosis   via suppression of oxidative stress.  J Physiol Sci 67(5):603-611. 

12. Aoi W, Maoka T, Abe R, Fujishita M, Tominaga K (2018) Comparison of the effect of non-esterified and   esterified astaxanthins on endurance performance in mice. J Clin Biochem Nutr 62(2):161-166.  

13. Liu SZ, Ali AS, Campbell MD, Kilroy K, Shankland EG, Roshanravan B, Marcinek DJ, Conley KE (2018) Building   strength, endurance, and mobility using an astaxanthin formulation with   functional training in elderly. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 9(5):826-833. 

14. Zhou Y, Baker JS, Chen X, Wang Y, Chen H, Davison GW, Yan X (2019) High-Dose Astaxanthin   Supplementation Suppresses Antioxidant Enzyme Activity during   Moderate-Intensity Swimming Training in Mice. Nutrients 11(6). pii: E1244.  

1. Hussein G, Nakamura M, Zhao Q, Iguchi T, Goto H, Sankawa   U, Watanabe H (2005a) Antihypertensive and   neuroprotective effects of astaxanthin in experimental animals. Biol Pharm Bull 28(1):47-52.

2. Hussein G, Goto H, Oda S, Iguchi T, Sankawa U, Matsumoto K, Watanabe H (2005b)  Antihypertensive potential and mechanism of   action of astaxanthin: II. Vascular reactivity and hemorheology in   spontaneously hypertensive rats. Biol Pharm Bull 28(6):967-971.

3. Hussein G, Goto H, Oda S, Sankawa U, Matsumoto K, Watanabe H (2006) Antihypertensive potential and   mechanism of action of astaxanthin: III. Antioxidant and histopathological   effects in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Biol Pharm Bull 29(4):684-688. 

4. Yanai H, Ito K, Yoshida H, Tada N (2008) Antihypertensive effects of astaxanthin. Integr Blood Press Control 1:1-3.  

5. Yoshida H, Yanai H, Ito K, Tomono Y, Koikeda T, Tsukahara H, Tada N (2010) Administration of natural astaxanthin increases   serum HDL-cholesterol and adiponectin in subjects with mild hyperlipidemia. Atherosclerosis 209(2):520-523.  

6. Monroy-Ruiz J, Sevilla MÁ, Carrón R, Montero MJ (2011) Astaxanthin-enriched-diet reduces blood pressure and improves   cardiovascular parameters in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Pharmacol Res 63(1):44-50. 

7. Ryu SK, King TJ, Fujioka K, Pattison J, Pashkow FJ, Tsimikas S (2012) Effect of an oral astaxanthin prodrug (CDX-085) on   lipoprotein levels and progression of atherosclerosis in LDLR(-/-) and   ApoE(-/-) mice. Atherosclerosis 222(1):99-105. 

8. Augusti PR, Quatrin A, Somacal S, Conterato GM, Sobieski R, Ruviaro AR, Maurer LH, Duarte MM, Roehrs M, Emanuelli T (2012) Astaxanthin prevents changes in the activities of thioredoxin reductase and   paraoxonase in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. J Clin Biochem Nutr 51(1):42-49.   

9. Adluri RS, Thirunavukkarasu M, Zhan L, Maulik N, Svennevig K, Bagchi M, Maulik G (2013) Cardioprotective efficacy of a novel   antioxidant mix VitaePro against ex vivo myocardial ischemia-reperfusion   injury. Cell Biochem Biophys 67(2):281-286. 

10. Xu J, Gao H, Zhang L, Chen C, Yang W, Deng Q, Huang Q, Huang F (2014) A combination of flaxseed oil and   astaxanthin alleviates atherosclerosis risk factors in high fat diet fed   rats. Lipids Health Dis 13:63.

11. Zhang J, Wang QZ, Zhao SH, Ji X, Qiu J, Wang J, Zhou Y, Cai Q, Zhang J, Gao HQ (2017) Astaxanthin   attenuated pressure overload-induced cardiac dysfunction and myocardial   fibrosis: Partially by activating SIRT1. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 1861(7):1715-1728. 

12. Fan CD, Sun JY, Fu XT, Hou YJ, Li Y, Yang MF, Fu XY, Sun BL (2017)  Astaxanthin Attenuates   Homocysteine-Induced Cardiotoxicity in Vitro and in Vivo by Inhibiting   Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Oxidative Damage. Front Physiol 8:1041.  

13. Alam MN, Hossain MM, Rahman MM, Subhan N, Mamun MAA, Ulla A, Reza HM, Alam MA (2018) Astaxanthin   Prevented Oxidative Stress in Heart and Kidneys of Isoproterenol-Administered   Aged Rats. J Diet Suppl 15(1):42-54. 

14. Shi Y, Lin P, Wang X, Zou G, Li K (2018) Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 1 (SMPD1) mediates the   attenuation of myocardial infarction-induced cardiac fibrosis by astaxanthin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 503(2):637-643.  

15. Xue Y, Sun C, Hao Q, Cheng J (2019) Astaxanthin ameliorates cardiomyocyte apoptosis after coronary   microembolization by inhibiting oxidative stress via Nrf2/HO-1 pathway in rats. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 392(3):341-348.